我读大学的时候,韩国的首都还叫汉城,那时候同学里很多韩国留学生,用汉语自我介绍的时候,朴同学说他来自汉城大学,金同学也说她来自汉城大学,我们说你俩是校友啊,谁知他俩尴尬地摇摇头,朴同学换了用英文解释,我的学校是Seoul National University,她的学校是Hansung University,轮到我们糊涂了。过了好些年,韩国官方宣布汉城的中文名称正式更改为“首尔”,虽然刚开始非常不习惯,但如今哈韩族说起首尔已经非常熟练了。韩国的这次官方改名行动的确是非常罕见的成功例子,要知道这名字在中文世界几乎用了六十年,习惯的力量是很强大的。
比起来美国总统贝拉克·侯赛因·奥巴马就没那么好运气了,他在咱国官方通讯社新华社的译名库里作为资料存储入库时间是2009年9月底,到了当年年底访华时,试图通过驻华大使馆改名欧巴马,官方海报都发布了,道理讲了三四条,却愣是没成。语言惯性这事,还真是没啥道理好说。
汉语跟外国地名人名的对译,对于有五千年文明的国度,的确是个非常复杂的事情。像共处汉字文化圈的韩国和日本,有大量传统上用汉字标注的地名,本国人用,中国人也拿来用,仁川、京都、名古屋,完全是通行无阻。历史上古代就跟中国有交往的国家安南、暹罗、天竺、波斯、榜葛剌、罗刹,如今这些名字统统被越南、泰国、印度、伊朗、孟加拉和俄罗斯代替。每每看到过去的译名,只觉得古意盎然。
大部分的欧洲、美洲和非洲国家,都是在近代才跟中国产生交集,看看这些译名,则百般滋味上心头。积贫积弱战火连绵的时代,国家大抵是没有个地名标准委员会的,外国地名,多半由那些互通中西的文人译来,尽管人家船坚炮利咄咄逼人,但知识分子怀着强国梦,加之欧美列强的,多半是褒扬性的美好字眼,美利坚、英吉利、法兰西、德意志、比利时、意大利、瑞士,全都是吉利话儿。当初宋美龄在美国国会的演讲中特别提到“美国,在汉语的意思就是美丽的国家”。你当然可以理解成外交场合的客气话,但至少说明,溢美之词的译名确实能给国家印象加分。相反,那些穷国弱国,文人们的用字规格就要差得多。初中的地理老师给我们猜过一个画谜,一匹马套着超载的货物立于有裂缝的冰面之上,打一个国家,不用说,那是危地马拉。这要是个欧洲国家,怎么也得给翻译成“威地马拉”吧?至于尼加拉瓜、厄瓜多尔、埃塞俄比亚,至少没精心挑字眼,甚至到“莫三鼻给”,都有点恶意的不雅,后来人家交涉了,才改成莫桑比克。
语言学有条基本原理叫语言符号的任意性,说的是事物的名称和实质之间并无本质联系。美国未必尽善尽美,德国也不尽是道德家,法国面对经济困局常常没办法,至于中国当然不是世界的中心,在翻译问题上处心积虑的势利眼,实在是枉做小人。
Tags: 同声传译 外语翻译 翻译公司 翻译家 翻译工具 翻译教育 翻译盖章 翻译质量
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