桥牌是纸牌游戏的一种。
据说最早的纸牌游戏是中国宋代一位官吏约在1120年间为他的妻妾们设计的。
欧洲最早的纸牌游戏在1392至1393年间。德国是最早的纸牌制造中心,他们牌上的图案为”铃铛”、”心脏”、”树叶”和”橡子”,分别代表”绅士”、”僧侣”、”地主”和”劳动者”。西班牙纸牌的图案则是”剑”、”棒”、”杯”和”钱”。
英国的纸牌最早叫biritch。到19世纪80年代,桥牌在英国风摩一时。起初妇女不打,但到了20世纪,妇女俱乐部日益增多,妇女打牌便不亚于男子。英国纸牌对考了别国的图案和乐称,然后自成一套,分别为club(梅花)、spade(黑桃)、heart(红桃)和diamond(方块);其中club的词义即西班牙牌中的”棒”,但图案却是”三叶草”;spade则是从西班牙语的espada来的,意思是”剑”;heart,即人的”心脏”和图形;diamond(钻石)是从法语carreau(一块玻璃)的图案引伸来的。
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PresidentBushDiscussesEconomy
THE PRESIDENT: Earlier today I spoke with members of my economic team. They updated me on the state of our economy. This morning we learned ...
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PresidentsRadioAddress
THE PRESIDENT: Good morning. Its not every day that Americans look forward to hearing from the Internal Revenue Service, bu...
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PresidentBushDiscussesFISA
THE PRESIDENT: Last month House leaders declared that they needed 21 additional days to pass legislation giving our intelligence professionals ...
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PresidentBushAttendsNorthAtlanticCouncilSummitMeeting
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Secretary General, President Basescu, thank you all very much. For nearly six decades the NATO Alli...
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PresidentBushDepartsforNATOSummit
THE PRESIDENT: Good morning. Laura and I are on our way to a very important NATO summit, and members of the United States Congress are o...
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PresidentBushVisitstheEconomicClubofNewYork
THE PRESIDENT: Glenn, thanks for the kind introduction. Thanks for giving me a chance to speak to the Economic Club of New Yor...
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President'sRadioAddress
THE PRESIDENT: Good morning. On Friday, I traveled to New York City to talk about the state of our economy. This is a top...
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PresidentBushParticipatesinJointPressAvailabilitywithPresidentViktorYushchenkoofUkraine
PRESIDENT YUSHCHENKO: (As translated.) Dear Mr. President, excellencies, ladies and ...
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President'sRadioAddress
THE PRESIDENT: Good morning. I'm speaking to you from Europe, where I attended the NATO summit and witnessed the hopeful pr...