翻译诗歌是可行的

译者Laura认为：在所有文学体裁的翻译中，诗歌翻译由于其特殊性，被研究和讨论得最多，古今中外，概莫能括。美国诗人弗罗斯特的一句话：“诗者，翻译所失也”（Poetry is what gets lost in translation),说明了诗歌翻译的挑战性和某种程度的不可译性。诗人雪莱也曾把诗歌翻译比作种下种子，却不能开花，这就是巴别塔的符咒。

不可译性的问题的考虑：

1、完全不可译是罕见的，应该将不可译文本与纯粹的文化缺省加以区别，后者可以通过种种手段进行补偿，降低不可译性。
2、翻译的约束力通常显示在诗歌翻译中，因为诗歌翻译是修辞、意象、韵律和意义的结合体。除诗歌外，一些双关语激起词义和词形的联想，因此，音义不可分割的词也是难以翻译的。
3、不可译性问题对词汇和术语翻译来说基本上是不存在的。如果一个词或术语在别的语言中没有对应，那么，译者可以采用选择、借用、仿造或者其他适用的翻译方法。不可译也可能指部分意义的丧失，而使译文在表现力、风格和修辞上，失去特色或较原文逊色，诗歌等文学文本可能损失得比较多，而技术性文本则可以采用一定的策略加以补救。

诗歌翻译策略（之一）：

著名翻译理论家詹姆斯霍姆斯的诗歌翻译理论策略：
1、“模仿形式”翻译法：译者将原文的形式搬到目的语中。
2、“类比形式”翻译法：翻译中形式的转换，在决定了原文诗歌形式的功能是什么之后，译者在目的语中寻找一种对等。
3、“内容为主”翻译法：译者以原文的语义材料为主，让文本塑造自身。美国翻译家庞德翻译的中国古典诗歌就是这种情形。
4、“异域形式”翻译法：译者所翻译的原文形式在目的语中不存在，译者自行其是，采用一种新的翻译形式。
作为诗歌译者，诗歌的形式、结构、功能都是译者需要思考的。此外，诗歌意蕴的多义性，也要求译者是个有较强审美能力和阐释能力的读者。所以好的诗歌翻译者，首先就应该是个诗人。

结论：

诗歌中的文化，意象，字形（汉字）的叠加，音律等在某种程度上是不可译的，但并非绝对的不可译。通过翻译手法，为达到某种翻译目的进行适当的取舍，诗歌翻译是可行的。
附：

诗歌翻译一例：

庞德改写李白的《长干行》

译文：

The River-Merchant’s Wife :A Letter

While my hair was still cut straight across my forehead
I played at the front gate, pulling flowers.
You came by on bamboo stilts, playing horse,
You walked about my seat, playing with blue plums.
And we went on living in the village of Chokan:
Two small people, without dislike or suspicion.

At fourteen I married my lord you.
I never laughed, being bashful.
Lowering my head, I looked at the wall.
Called to, a thousand times, I never looked back.
At fifteent I stopped scowling,
I desired my dust to be mingled with yours
Forever and forever and forever.
Why should I clime the look out?

At sixteen you departed,
You went into far Ku-to-yen, by the river of swirling eddies,
And you have been gone five months,
The monkeys make sorrowful noise overhead.
You dragged your feet when you went out ,
By the gate now, the moss is grown, the different mosses,
Too deep to clear them away!

The leaves fall early this autumn, in wind.
The paired butterflies are already yellow with August
Over the grass in the West garden;
They hurt me. I grow older.
If you are coming down through the narrows of the river Kiang,
Please let me know beforehand,
And I will come out to meet you,
As far as Cho-fu-Sa.

原文：

《长干行》
妾发初覆额，折花门前剧。
郎骑竹马来，绕床弄青梅。
同居长干里，两小无嫌猜。
十四为君妇，羞颜未尝开。
低头向暗壁，千唤不一回。
十五始展眉，愿同尘与灰。
常存抱柱信，岂上望夫台。
十六君远行，瞿塘滟滪堆。
五月不可触，猿声天上哀。
门前迟行迹，一一生绿苔。
苔深不能扫，落叶秋风早。
八月蝴蝶黄，双飞西园草。
感此伤妾心，坐愁红颜老。
早晚下三巴，预将书报家。
相迎不道远，直至长风沙。

Tags: 文学作品翻译 诗歌翻译

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