农历六月十五 唐代译经家不空三藏圆寂纪念日

2013年7月22日，农历六月十五，是不空三藏圆寂纪念日。

不空（705～774），又作不空金刚，师子国人，唐代译经家、密教付法第六祖。不空幼年从叔父游南海诸国，其后出家，十四岁从金刚智三藏学习悉昙章，诵持梵经。不久渡过南海，于玄宗开元八年抵洛阳，时年十六。也有一种说法，说不空是北天竺婆罗门之子，随叔父至武威、太原，后师事金刚智。二十岁时于洛阳广福寺受具足戒，因为聪敏过人，深获金刚智三藏之器重，尽得五部三密之法。金刚智三藏圆寂后，不空遵师遗命前往印度求法，偕同含光、慧辩等人浮海西游，抵达锡兰，从普贤阿阇梨（或说龙智阿阇梨）受十八会金刚顶瑜伽及大毗卢遮那大悲胎藏各十万颂、五部灌顶、真言秘典、经论梵夹五百余部，并蒙指授诸尊密印、文义性相等。其后又遍游五印度，于天宝五年还长安，并为玄宗灌顶，期间住净影寺。因为祈雨灵验，赐号智藏，并赐紫袈裟等。安史乱起，不空住长安大兴善寺行禳灾之法。长安沦陷，玄宗蒙尘成都，肃宗即位灵武，不空三藏虽陷身于乱军之中，屡次秘密遣使致书肃宗，肃宗亦遣使求大法。代宗之时，制授特进试鸿胪卿，并加号大广智三藏，曾于太原五台山造密教道场，展开宣教活动。大历六年，表进开元以来所译经七十七部一○一卷及目录一卷，并请入藏。大历九年六月中旬，不空三藏预知时至，上表辞别，于十五日倚卧入寂，享年七十。追赠司空，谥“大辩正”，又在大兴善寺造塔安置舍利。

不空与鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘并称四大翻译家，依《贞元录》记载，不空译述经典一百一十部共一百四十三卷。不空对确立梵语与汉字间严密的音韵对照组织贡献极大，疏勒人慧琳是不空弟子，撰有《一切经音义》一百卷，广引内外典籍，详释梵汉名义，对于经论解诂、正字乃至外典考据、辑佚都有很大贡献。不空与善无畏、金刚智并称开元三大士，传法弟子很多，赴狮子国以前已有弟子含光、惠銎等人。诸弟子中，不空认为能尽传五部之法者除早亡二人外，仅余六人（时称六哲），即金阁寺含光、新罗惠超、青龙寺惠果、崇福寺惠朗、保寿寺元皎和觉超，其中惠果被称为真言付法第七祖。此外，当时大德如良贲、潜真、法崇等也都参与不空译场，承受法义，造作注疏。中唐诸帝如玄宗、肃宗、代宗、德宗（时为太子）都曾依他受法灌顶或参加译事，其余王公大臣都对不空译经传法尽力护持。翰林待诏赵迁撰有《不空三藏行状》，说不空居灌顶师位四十余年，受法门人上万，由他授比丘戒之弟子也有二千人，因此他也是说一切有部一代戒师。

 

Tags: 佛教翻译 梵文翻译 翻译家

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