周玄毅 青年学者,武汉大学辩论队总教练,行深辩论,偶有所得。
周玄毅/文
·辩行记·
庙堂与江湖事实上存在着同构性,燕尾服笔挺的太平绅士,骨子里跟抡着砍刀满街跑的流氓血脉相连
斯当东的“翻译”技巧
翻译不只是两种语言之间的事情。事实上,最体现功力的翻译,恰恰是在同一种语言内部进行的。同样的信息,当一套话语模式行不通的时候,在另一套话语体系中表达出来,往往会变得极具煽动力。善于蛊惑人心的演说家,大多都是这种意义上的翻译高手。
我要说的是乔治·托马斯·斯当东,一个中国人都应该牢记的名字,虽然他的确是第一个直接把中文书籍《大清律》译成英文的英国人,但是使其在历史上起到更重要作用的,则是另一种翻译能力—把街头小流氓的混账话,翻译成望之冠冕堂皇、闻之荡气回肠的绅士用语的能力。
1840年4月7日,英国议会正在进行一场决定中国命运的辩论,正反两方在是否派遣远征军的问题上陷入胶着。在节骨眼上,这位12岁时就曾跟随马戛尔尼使团到过中国(据说还在乾隆爷怀里撒过娇),被公认为最权威“中国通”的爵士,发表了一段支持开战的演说,结尾这几句尤其要紧:
“我们要小心!如果我们在中国不受人尊敬,那么在印度我们也会很快不受人尊敬,并且渐渐地在全世界都会如此!……如果我们要输掉这场战争,我们就无权进行;但如果我们必须打赢它,我们就无权加以放弃。……尽管令人遗憾,但我还是认为这场战争是正义的,而且也是必要的。”
绅士们聚在一起讨论要不要开仗,考虑的无非是两点:是否有理、是否有利。首先,不管怎么说,走私鸦片也不能算是件露脸的事情,“理”上先怯了三分;其次,尽管坚船利炮,跟一个距离遥远、幅员辽阔,更兼世界人口第一的大国开战,说必胜肯定有点心虚,“利”上也并不十分肯定(发现清政府是纸老虎那是后话)。“理”和“利”上谁都没有十成的把握,叽叽喳喳吵不出个结果,怎么办?
斯当东的办法是:管他什么“理”和“利”,咱就用流氓的那套搞定绅士,而且让他们听不出来。
与绅士们不同,走江湖混街面儿的流氓讲究的不是理和利,而是面子跟气场。回想一下斯当东的话,虽然结论是说这场战争是正义、必要的,但他给出的两个理由却完全不是那么回事—其一、如果不开仗,印度乃至全世界都会不再尊敬我们;其二、如果要输倒也算了,但是如果一定得赢,那我们就必须开仗。
翻译回流氓语境,这两句话的原义是:一、(正义不正义的我管不着)要是这个脸找不回来,我们在印度的场子还罩得住吗?我们在全世界辛辛苦苦打下来的场子还罩得住吗?二、(能不能赢的问题先搁一边儿)我就问你们有种没种?要是自己认怂,你就老老实实在家里缩着,但凡是条汉子觉得肯定能灭了丫的,就铁了心跟中国人掐架去!
我不敢肯定,这段话在多大意义上促成了最后投票271:262支持开战的微弱优势,但是单纯从语言技巧来说,斯当东绝对是有一份“功劳”的。这里的诀窍是,庙堂与江湖事实上存在着同构性,燕尾服笔挺的太平绅士,骨子里跟抡着砍刀满街跑的流氓血脉相连,特别是涉及到战争和利益这种令人荷尔蒙飙升的话题,那些堂而皇之的东西就更容易现出原形。然而庙堂毕竟是庙堂的派头,绅士毕竟有绅士的体面,所以这种极具说服力的流氓逻辑不能直接跑到堂前裸奔,而是必须以雅正的官方话语形式才能登堂入室发挥作用。斯当东的小伎俩,就是用绅士的外衣包装流氓,再用流氓的逻辑说服绅士,聪明点的嘿嘿一笑会心不语,愚钝点的义愤填膺豪气干云。
中立的说,能把庙堂之高的官样文章翻译出江湖气息,把街头逻辑翻译出庙堂的韵味,才算吃透了语言的奥秘。此项技能不可速成,但第一步至少是要对那些动人的宏大叙事保持警惕,看清楚,对方很有可能是在耍流氓。
本文来源:汉网-长江日报
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