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来源:中国新闻网
纵观中外古代翻译历史,可以发现,坐在龙椅上的帝王中,结缘翻译者不乏其人。这些帝王的翻译结缘大致呈三种走势。一是亲自动手,二是主动参与,三是积极组织。
以亲自动手而言,当首推七世纪英国国王阿尔弗列德,他曾将拉丁文文学著作《哲学的慰藉》、《圣经·诗篇》等译为英文,一时成为美谈。其次当数中国宋代时期的辽圣宗耶律隆绪,他特别推崇唐代诗人白居易,尤其对白诗人的《讽谏集》爱不释手,由是昕夕耕耘,以契丹文翻译了是书。再就是称雄于中国西北一隅的西夏王李元昊,此人中文根底十分了得,曾先后将《孝经》、《尔雅》、《四言杂字》迻译为西夏文,令西夏臣民获益非浅。
至于主动参与者,则有南北朝的梁武帝萧衍。相传僧迦婆罗在寿光殿翻译佛经时,萧衍亲至此处,“笔受其文,然后乃付译人”,令其“疏出华质”。唐代的太宗李世民、高宗李治以及女皇武则天则先后替玄奘、实叉难陀所译佛经作序,他们的这一举措无疑为一种别出心裁的介入。
十七世纪初,英国国王詹姆斯一世则跻身于 《钦定圣经》(Authorized Version)审稿队伍,最后他一锤定音,批准该译本公开行世。十八世纪初俄国彼得大帝参与翻译的方式更是别具一格,其居然给担任《筑城学》一书的译者 卓道夫下了一道圣旨,称“爱卿翻译是书整体甚佳,唯筑城一节,不甚了了,亟盼有所改进。翻译切忌逐词对译,宜彻底理解原文含意,而后以俄文准确表达之。” 寥寥数语,与其称旨,不如说是一则翻译批评。
不过多数帝王与翻译的结缘往往体现在积极组织的运作上。如公元前三世纪埃及国王托勒密二世、三国吴王孙权、晋末前秦苻坚与后秦姚兴、南北朝北齐后主高纬、宋朝太祖赵匡胤、太宗赵匡义、元朝世祖、仁宗、英宗、明朝成祖朱棣、清朝圣祖康熙以及十八世纪俄国女皇卡捷琳娜二世等等,情形莫不如是。其中埃及国王托勒密二世诚邀七十二名知识渊博的犹太学者会师埃及亚历山大图书馆,日夜兼程翻译《旧约》,由是产生著名的《七十贤士译本》泽被后世。又卡捷琳娜二世鼎力支持成立俄罗斯翻译史上最早的专业组织“翻译外文书籍协会”,该协会拥有成员114名,开展活动长达15年,影响极大。
另外值得一提的是不少帝王格外看重翻译人才。如孙权拜授避难东吴的支谦为博士,支谦由是大受鼓舞,奋力译经,终于业绩辉煌,名留史册。明成祖更是别张一帜,准许翻译人员参加科举考试,优秀者可以高中皇榜,获取进士、翰林的美称,如果能够进一步出类拔萃,则可“出授御史”,简直就是时下的省部级官员待遇了。又相传苻坚曾率领十万精兵,一举攻克襄阳,将讲学于此间的道安与当地名士习凿齿揽入麾下。苻称:十万将士破城,仅得一个半人矣。苻的下属权翼问是谁。苻曰:一个乃释道安,半个乃习凿齿。众所周知,前者是佛经翻译家,后者是文学兼历史学家。显而易见,在苻坚的眼中,翻译家是远远高于文学家和历史学家的了。
唐代诗人刘禹锡曾有句云“勿谓翻译徒,不为文雅雄”,人皆据此十字,判定凡从事翻译者,地位必定低下。今 观历代历朝帝王们的翻译结缘,情形似乎并非如此。只怕是刘诗人当时眼观翻译佛经人员时不时地为帝王们垂青,心中颇不平衡,由是愤愤地说:你们这些翻译之徒,只不过是鹦鹉学舌而已,佶屈聱牙的译文一不雅二不雄,焉能与我们这些胸藏万卷、笔底千钧,动辄便能放歌“人世几回伤往事,山形依旧枕寒流”或者“沉舟侧畔千帆过,病树前头万木春”的诗人雅士相提并论呢!
(摘编自香港《大公报》 文:郑延国)
Tags: 佛经翻译 外文书籍翻译 拉丁文翻译成英文 文学作品翻译 沐浴翻译 西夏文翻译
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