回答1
Running Back->跑锋
正确的叫法应该是“跑卫”。进攻组有个合法阵型的问题,开球的时候,距离开球线两码之内要刚好有七个人,这七个被称为“前锋”。后面四个被称为“后卫”,跑卫就是后卫的一种。
跑卫们经常担负扛着球冲锋陷阵的任务,确实也有先锋大将的范儿,而且有些译者心里可能有“锋是进攻球员,卫是防守球员”的思路,所以后卫就这么变了前锋。
另,跑卫分全卫(Fullback)和半卫(Halfback),也有被叫成全锋半锋的。
Offensive Lineman->进攻线卫
跟跑卫相反的错译。前面提到了进攻组的合法阵型需要七个前锋,Offensive Lineman就是专指这七个人中间那五个。这五位不是合法接球员,不能接向前的传球,主要任务是保护四分卫传球或者为冲球的队友开路。有些翻译可能同样秉持“锋是进攻球员,卫是防守球员”的思路,把前锋又变成了后卫。
比较好的译法是叫“进攻前锋”,或者“进攻内锋”,用一个内字强调是不具备合法接球资格的“内五人”。
这个翻译还有个问题,容易与防守组的线卫(Linebacker)混淆。
Tight End->边锋
好像主要是对岸的台湾译者这么弄。这个译法翻译出了end,表示这名球员是进攻前锋中站位最靠边的,但是漏掉了tight。这个tight很重要,因为它表示这名球员虽然站位靠边,但是跟中间五个进攻内锋是贴在一起的,这种站位使得他既可以像进攻内锋一样提供掩护,同时又因为自己是合法接球员可以冲出去接球。
正确的名字是“近端锋”。
另外有个对应的词叫Split End,远端锋。也站在开球线两码以内,但是离进攻内锋很远,由外接手充任,不负责阻挡,主要任务是冲出去接球。所以这个词我们一般不怎么见到。
以上是关于球员位置的常见不合理译法。为了便于理解“七前锋四后卫”,附个经典进攻组阵型,I字阵:
远端锋(外接手) 截锋 护锋 中锋 护锋 截锋 近端锋
四分卫 翼卫(外接手)
全卫(跑卫)
半卫(跑卫)
也有一些术语的不合理。
Touchdown->触地
这是典型的望文生义。美式橄榄球通过touchdown得分并不需要球或者人触到地面,只要球过端线就成。现在一般都不这么说了,统一称为“达阵”。
除了已有的不合理译法之外,还有很多词尚无统一的中文译名,因为译到中文后很难既保证准确,又保证简洁。
比如:
Intentional Grounding
犯规的一种,指四分卫为了逃避擒杀,蓄意制造传球失败(传球失败不损失码数)。grounding指用球砸地,非常形象,中文要是弄成“蓄意传球失败”,又觉得少点味道。
Bootleg
指四分卫拿着球往边线跑的战术,这个战术往往发生在四分卫假装把球交给跑卫,骗过防守组之后。原文把拿着球偷偷往边上人少的地方溜的四分卫比喻为鬼鬼祟祟的私酒贩子,中文如果只说“一个假交递。四分卫拿球跑到边线”就失却了大量韵味。
Hail Mary
指比赛到了生死时刻,由需要长距离达阵时,四分卫不管不顾拼命扔长传的情况。球扔出去后,四分卫就只能在心理祈祷“万福玛利亚”,直接译成中文也觉得不是很合适。
美式橄榄球在中国普及度还不高,以后肯定还有别的不好译的东西,我看到再慢慢补充。
回答2
running back翻译成跑锋还是跑卫,我觉得看球迷的程度,对于刚开始接触橄榄球的球迷跑锋显然更好,顾名思义,锋就是要向前冲得分冲击对方防线的。跑卫是直译,需要区分half back,full back,究竟是什么人跑,什么人挡。对于进阶球迷,要真正了解这个位置,需要了解Back在橄榄球中深刻含义,得了解LOS以及后面几个位置分别是Quarter(back),half(back),full(back)的站位,才能慢慢玩味比赛中的精华细节
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