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【核心提示】法律翻译人才培养最理想的状态是“专业化”与“学术化”相结合,培养能将语言、文化知识与法律专业知识结合的综合性翻译人才。
“改革开放以来,中国法律界与国外的交流日益增多。法律英语翻译成为中外法律交流的重要桥梁。近年来,法律英语翻译中存在诸多问题,特别是法律术语使用不准确、概念理解错误等。”中国政法大学外国语学院院长李立告诉记者,这些问题具有普遍性。
近日,第三届法律、翻译与文化国际研讨会在浙江理工大学召开。记者就法律英语翻译中的问题、原因及对策采访了相关专家学者。
法律术语通常有精确的含义和用法。“术语本身的文化独有性形成了翻译的局限性。”浙江理工大学外国语学院教授伍锋告诉记者,特定社会的法律制度历经数百年发展,形成了自成体系的概念系统。这些概念及其背后的文化往往是他文化语境所缺乏的,从而形成了文化屏障,有的甚至找不到对应的概念,只能通过阐释来间接表达其含义。
伍锋举例说,“entailment”这一西方法律概念专指不动产只能由男性继承人继承的制度,如果家庭中没有男性继承人,就只能将其“赠与”家族中下一位男性亲属。这种继承方式在中国文化中就不存在,南京大学教授张柏然主编的《新时代英汉大词典》将其翻译为“限定(不动产)的继承;永远赠送;(不动产的)限嗣继承;限嗣继承的不动产,限嗣不动产权”就是一种简洁的阐释,不过这种法律制度背后对女性的歧视和对其继承权的剥夺在汉语中很难以精练的专业术语形式来体现。
加拿大蒙特利尔大学语言学与翻译系青年学者让·克劳德·基马尔认为,每个法律术语都是信息的集合,其中包含这一术语法律内涵演变的历史。日本东京大学教育研究生院教授影浦峡提出,由于不同的法律系统之间不一定存在对应的法律概念,因此有必要对法律相关的技术术语的使用设立语言规范。
李立认为,造成翻译偏差的另一个重要原因是翻译人员对法律专业术语不够了解。伍锋说,目前我国从事法律翻译的人员大体分为两类,即语言工作者与法律工作者。前者对语言敏感,但缺乏专业知识;后者专业性强,但语言能力可能不足。他认为,法律翻译人才培养最理想的状态是“专业化”与“学术化”相结合,培养能将语言、文化知识与法律专业知识结合的综合性翻译人才。
影浦峡表示,设立相关的术语使用规范可以为非专业法律翻译者提供借鉴。浙江大学外国语学院教授庞继贤认为,研究并编撰法律专门术语的英汉和汉英词典或规范意义重大,不但能大大提高工作效率,而且保证了法律表述的准确以及法律公正。
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