作为世界上十大通用语言之一,德语的使用人口总计超过1亿人次。下面从系谱、使用地区、语素、语音、语序、词性、句法结构以及奥地利德语等八个方面,简要概述一下德语的有关特点:
1、从系谱上看,德语属于印欧语系,日尔曼语族西支。它与英语,荷兰语,瑞典语,挪威语以及冰岛语属于同一语族;而法语则属于另一语族。在欧盟国家中,德语是与英语、法语同属于最重要的三种官方语言。
2、在使用地区的分布情况上,德语主要分布于德国、奥地利、列支敦士登,是这三个国家和地区的唯一的官方语言;同时,德语也是瑞士和卢森堡的主要语言之一。此外,法国的阿尔萨斯、洛林、苏联和罗马尼亚等国的德国移民区、以及美国的宾西法尼亚州等地也有少数人使用德语。使用人口总计约为1.1亿。
3、德语的语素和英语一样,也有26个字母;另外还有4个特殊字母。德语一共有42个音素,元音音素19个,辅音音素23个。
4、语言的最主要区别在于语音。毋庸置疑,德语有它本身独特的发音规则,一般需要10课时左右才能较好掌握德语的发音规则,进而才可以顺利地阅读一般的德语文章。在德语一般的单词表和词典中,都没有为德语单词标注音标,所以需要根据德语的发音规则来读,当然在特殊情况下,例如来自其他语种尚未被德语化的词,一般就会标注发音。
5、德语的语序分正语序,反语序,尾语序三种。
6、词性方面,德语中的名词可分为阳性,中性,阴性三种。不能和汉语中对应来分词性。德语中,女孩(Maedchen)是中性的,太阳(Sonne)是阴性的,月亮(Mond)是阳性的。初学德语,要积累一定的词汇量后才能找到内部的一些规律。
7、在句法结构方面,德语和英语有着许多接近或相似的地方,甚至有很多单词是完全一样的,只是发音不同而已。德语的动词要变位,很多情况下是放在最后面的。根据人称时态的变化动词要有相应的变化,还有第一分词,第二分词的变化等。书面德语最明显的南北差异就是有些表示状态或动作的动词(如stehen。liegen,sitzen,fahren,fliegen,reiten,schwimmen,klettern)在构成完成时时采用不同的助动词,德国南部德语采用sein,德国中部和德国北部采用haben,奥地利德语同德国南部德语一样。采用sein构成完成时,如ich bin gestanden。
8、德语也是奥地利的唯一官方语言,可谓德语在奥地利的一种区域性变体。与标准德语相比,奥地利德语有着不少特殊之处,例如语音方面的词重音和发音;词法方面的词形和构词法;句法方面的介词使用和词序以及不同词汇和词义等。
一则有关德语的小幽默
俾斯麦当政时有一位美国人去访问柏林,搞到两张进入国会来宾席的票子,很兴奋,便聘请了一个译员陪她去国会大厦听俾斯麦发言。不多会儿,俾斯麦说话了。那个美国人拼命靠近她的译员,为了不漏掉翻译过来的每一个词。可是尽管俾斯麦讲得很有气势而且相当长,译员却闭口不言。美国人用手推了译员好几次还是没有反响,实在忍不住大声问:“他在说什么?”译员恼怒地回头说:“不要打岔,夫人!我在等,他的动词还没有出来呢。”
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