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葡萄牙诗人费尔南多·佩索阿的中译本诗集《我的心略大于整个宇宙》上月刚刚出版,便陷入争论之中。7月1日,北京大学西语系教师闵雪飞撰文指出该诗集译者韦白抄袭她与杨铁军先期发表的译诗与评注。随后,出版方转发韦白两封公开信,进行辩解。然而挡不住一天之间,该书豆瓣评分由原来的9分多降到2.8分的命运。
在进行文本比照之后,再看韦白的公开信,会看到一部分翻译者对译著文本的知识产权意识仍需加强,出版者对翻译著作的生产仍需规范。
韦白将自己受争议的行为界定为:“重译”过程中对其他译本的“借鉴”,并指出“借鉴到何种程度是借鉴,到何种程度是抄袭,都是极难定义之事”。自然,对一部优秀作品的多次翻译很正常,对回旋余地不大的外文作品,出现雷同翻译,似乎也不奇怪。但是,中国文字千变万化,一首组诗,9个页面,只有11处不同,说这是“借鉴”恐怕难以令人信服,定义这属于借鉴还是抄袭,也并非“极难”。
《莎士比亚全集》的翻译就曾经有过争议,一方面是朱生豪先生的翻译迄今无人能出其右,一方面是在篇章和用词上有瑕疵,那么是否重译?重译,没朱先生译的好,是对读者不负责;保持原样、留着缺陷,亦是对读者不负责。于是译林社在出版时,明确用“补译”和“校”来标明。丁是丁,卯是卯,这才是对读者负责。
同时,据说在文本下面注明参考译本,“在出版上又很少有这样做的”。这似乎是个由于技术原因造成的过失抄袭。其实同样可以避免。一方面,在日益强调知识产权的今天,译者主动说明情况,出版社出于声誉考虑,应当会做出判断;另一方面,即使出版方觉得有碍观瞻,那么译者至少能主动联系作者,坦荡地在署名后面加上“编”、“编译”或者“合译”,在目录上标明各首诗歌的作者,这在出版界也是平常之事。再退一步来说,写个《译后记》,说清楚看了谁的,用了谁的,也是一种诚实。
在公开信中,韦白说“诗歌翻译是一项很难的工作”,这一点毋庸置疑:文学写作本是作家对母语进行的有意味的排列,翻译是将这种“意味”用另一种语言进行凝结,这不啻于一种再创造。而诗歌的翻译则在此基础上,更需要译者的才情与诗性。韦白身为诗人,应是翻译的优秀人选,现今发生这样的“借鉴”,令人遗憾。
优秀的翻译对优秀作品的传播往往起到至关重要的作用,我们应当充分肯定翻译者在文化传承中付出的劳动,并培养、发掘、奖掖优秀诚信的翻译家。如果纵容、怂恿这种所谓的“借鉴”或许会使翻译界走向萎缩。
只要有一个“不掠人之美”的信念,不论是动机上,还是技术上,读者都能感受到“借鉴”的诚意;反之,心存侥幸、打擦边球,即使只有那么一点点也会让整部译著陷入“抄袭”的信任危机。这是一条划定诗歌翻译“借鉴”还是“抄袭”的红线。
Tags: 图书翻译 小语种翻译 文学作品翻译 文学翻译 西方语种翻译
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