【翻译技巧:口译中遇到中文称谓要怎么翻译?】- 上海语通翻译有限公司
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翻译技巧:口译中遇到中文称谓要怎么翻译?

在外事接待活动中,译员首先面临的一道难题是称谓的口译。称谓代表了一个人的职位、职衔或学衔,体现了一个人的资历和地位。称谓的误译不仅是对有关人员的不尊重,而且也会产生种种不良的后果。称谓的准确翻译其关键在于译员对有关人员的身份及其称谓的表达是否有一个正确的理解,尤其是对称谓语的认识。一种称谓语很可能表示多种身份,例如,英语的头衔语 president,译成汉语时可视具体情况分别译作共和国的总统、国家主席、大学的校长、学院的院长、学会或协会的会长或主席、公司的总裁或董事长等等。
一般说来,各类机构或组织的首长其汉语称谓译成英语时虽可套用通用词 head,但从比较严格的意义上看,应使用特定的、规范的称谓语。例如:
校长(大学) President of Beijing University
校长(中小学) Principal /Headmaster of Donghai Middle School
院长(大学下属) Dean of the Graduate School
系主任(大学学院下属) Chair/Chairman of the English Department
会长/主席(学/协会) President of the Student Union, Shanghai University
厂长(企业) Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant
院长(医院) President of Huadong Hospital
主任(中心) Director of the Business Center
主任(行政) Director of Foreign Affairs Office
董事长(企业) President/Chairman of the Board of Directors
董事长(学校) President/Chairman of the Board of Trustees
首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总……”表示,而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有 chief general, head , managing 这类词,因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时,需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯:
总书记 general secretary
总工程师 chief engineer
总会计师 chief accountant
总建筑师 chief architect
总编辑 chief editor; editor-in-chief; managing editor
总出纳 chief cashier; general cashier
总裁判 chief referee
总经理 general manager; managing director; executive head
总代理 general agent
总教练 head coach
总导演 head director
总干事 secretary-general;commissioner
总指挥 commander-in-chief; generalissimo
总领事 consul-general
总监 chief inspector; inspector-general;chief impresario
总厨 head cook; chef
有些部门或机构的首长或主管的英译,可以用一些通用的头衔词表示,例如下列机构的负责人可以用 director, head 或 chief 来表示:
司(部属)department
厅(省属)department
署(省属)office(行署为administrative office)
局 bureau
所 institute
处 division
科 section
股 section
室 office
教研室 program / section
例:
局长 director of the bureau; head of the bureau; bureau chief。
国务院 the State Council 属下的部为 ministry,所以部长叫作 minister。
另外,公署专员叫作commissioner,其办事机构叫作“专员公署”,英语为 prefectural commissioner’s office。
汉语中表示副职的头衔一般都冠以“副”字,英译时需视词语的固定搭配或表达习惯等情况,可选择 vice, associate, assistant, deputy 等词。相对而言,vice 使用面较广,例如:
副总统(或大学副校长等)vice president
副主席(或系副主任等)vice chairman
副总理 vice premier
副部长 vice minister
副省长 vice governor
副市长 vice mayor
副领事 vice consul
副校长(中小学)vice principal
行政职务的副职头衔与学术头衔的“副”职称往往用不同的词表达,最为常用的英语词是 associate,例如:
副教授 associate professor
副研究员 associate research fellow
副主编 associate managing editor
副编审 associate senior editor
副审判长 associate judge
副研究馆员 associate research fellow of … (e.g. library science)
副译审 associate senior translator
副主任医师 associate senior doctor
当然,有些英语职位头衔,如 manager 和 headmaster,其副职头衔可冠以 assistant,例如:
副总经理 assistant / deputy general manager; assistant / deputy managing director
大堂副理(宾馆)assistant manager
副校长(中小学)assistant headmaster
以 director 表示的职位的副职常以 deputy director 表示。此外,secretary, mayor, dean 等头衔的副职也可冠以 deputy,例如:
副秘书长 deputy secretary-general
耐书记 deputy secretary
副市长 deputy mayor
副院长 deputy dean
学术头衔系列除了含“正”“副”级别的高级职称和中级职称外,还有初级职称如“助理”,“助理”常用 assistant 来表示,例如:
助理教授 assistant professor
助理研究员 assistant research fellow
助理工程师 assistant engineer
助理编辑 assistant editor
助理馆员 assistant research fellow of… (e.g. library science)
助理教练 assistant coach
助理农艺师 assistant agronomist
还有一些行业的职称头衔,其高级职称不用“正”或“副”表示,而直接用“高级”或“资深”来表示,我们可以用 senior 来称呼,例如:
高级编辑 senior editor
高级工程师 senior engineer
高级记者 senior reporter
高级讲师 senior lecturer
高级教师 senior teacher
高级农艺师 senior agronomist
有一些行业的职称或职务系列中,最高级别的职位冠以“首席”一词,英语常用 chief 来表示:
首席执行官 chief executive officer (CEO)
首席法官 chief judge
首席顾问 chief advisor
首席检察官 chief inspector / prosecutor
首席仲裁员 chief arbitrator
首席监事 chief supervisor
首席播音员 chief announcer / broadcaster
首席代表 chief representative
首席记者 chief correspondent
除了用“总”、“高级”、“首席”等词语来表示一些机构或行业的最高级职务之外,还有一些高级职务则使用带“长”字的头衔,例如:
检察长 procurator-general
审判忙 presiding judge;chief judge;chief of judges
护士长 head nurse
秘书长 secretary-general
参谋长 chief of staff
厨师长 head cook,chef
有些头衔会含诸如“代理”、“常务”、“执行”、“名誉”这类称谓语,例如:
代理市长,代理总理,代理主任
常务理事,常务副校长
执行主席,执行主任,执行秘书
名誉校长,名誉会长
一般说来,“代理”可译作 acting,例如:
代理市长 acting mayor
代理总理 acting premier
代理主任 acting director
“常务”可以 managing 表示,例如:
常务理事 managing director
常务副校长 managing vice president(亦可作 first vice mayor)
“执行”可译作 executive,例如:
执行主任executive director
执行秘书executive secretary
执行主席executive chairman(也可译作presiding chairman)
“名誉”译为honorary,例如:
名誉校长 honorary president / principal
名誉主席、会长 honorary chairman / president(也可用 emeritus 表示,如 emeritus chairman / president)
有些职称或职务带有“主任”、“主治”、“特级”厂特派,、“特约”等头衔,英译不尽相同,例如:
主任编辑 associate senior editor
主任秘书 chief secretary
主任医师 senior doctor
主任护士 senior nurse
主治医师 attending / chief doctor; physician; consultant
特级教师 special-grade senior teacher
特派记者 accredited correspondent
特派员/专员 commissioner
特约编辑 contributing editor
特约记者 special correspondent
许多职称、职务的头衔称谓其英语表达法难以归类,需要日积月累,逐步登录在自己的称谓语料库中。以下所列举是其中的一部分 :
办公室主任 office manager (如“校长办公室主任” manager of president’s office)
财务主任 treasurer
车间主任 workshop manager / director
编审 senior editor
博导(博士生导师)doctoral student supervisor
研究生导师 graduate student tutor
客座教授 visiting professor
院士 academician
译审 senior translator
村长 village head
领班 captain;foreman;gaffer
经纪人 broker
税务员 tax collector
研究管员 research fellow of…(如“图书馆研究管员” research fellow of library science)
股票交易员 stock dealer
红马夹 (stock exchange) floor broker
业务经理 service/business/operation manager
住院医生 resident (doctor); registrar
国际大师 international master
注册会计师 chartered / certified public accountant; registered / incorporated accountant
我国有一些常见的荣誉称号 (honorary title) 在许多英语国家没有对应的表达语,现列举部分英译供参考:
标兵 pacemaker
学习标兵 student pacemaker; model student
劳动模范 model worker
模范教师 model teacher
优秀教师 excellent teacher
优秀员工 outstanding employee; employee of the month / year
青年标兵 model youth / youth pacemaker
三好学生 “triple-A” outstanding student; outstanding student
三八妇女红旗手 “March 8th Red Banner” outstanding woman pacemaker

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