【京剧唱词的翻译不可小觑】- 上海语通翻译有限公司
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京剧唱词的翻译不可小觑

近日看到一些英译的京剧剧本,其中一些唱词的翻译不够准确,说到底还是对京剧所蕴含的中国文化理解不深,甚至是一种误读。以《四郎探母》为例:杨四郎的唱词里有“失落番邦十五年,雁过衡阳各一天,高堂老母难相见,怎不叫人泪涟涟……”等等。其中“雁过衡阳各一天”一句,被译作:Awildgoose flied over the border.(英文意思是:一只野雁飞过边界。)这显然是理解有误,“雁过衡阳”是个典故:衡山南峰有座回雁峰,相传大雁来去以此为界,比喻音信不通。范仲淹曾有“塞下秋来风景异,衡阳雁去无留意”的佳句,说明边关苦寒、雁去难来、春风不度之意。“雁过衡阳各一天”是说南北相隔,杳无音讯。杨四郎沦落北番,隐姓埋名,十几年来与亲人失去联系,可谓天涯各一方。身为人子,让老母日日悬望,苦苦思念,怎不黯然神伤?所以深入理解唱词,准确把握人物内心活动,是做好京剧翻译工作的前提。

由此,我们不妨举几段传统戏的经典唱词,做适当的文化解读。京剧《贵妃醉酒》家喻户晓,杨贵妃一曲“海岛冰轮初转腾,见玉兔,玉兔又早东升。冰轮离海岛,乾坤分外明。皓月当空,恰便是嫦娥离月宫”,更是缓歌曼舞,仪态万方。这段唱词中有多个词语如“冰轮”、“玉兔”、“皓月”、“月宫”等,都是指代月亮一词。此外。“嫦娥”、“广寒宫”等也与月亮相关联,这就是在中国人人皆知的月亮神话:嫦娥奔月的故事。有了这层中华文化的底色,这段唱词写得含意隽永,流光溢彩。但它的实质内容却十分简单,翻译时无非是要表达:月亮升起来了,离开了云朵,在夜空中显得格外澄澈。它高高孤悬,一如寂寞的嫦娥!如果按照字面直译,就会给人以重复之感。

京剧《捉放曹》中陈宫有“一轮明月照窗前”的唱段,表现他对曹操凶残本质的认识和对自己盲从的懊悔,最后他做出离开奸雄的决定:“也是我陈宫做事差,悔不该随贼走天涯。落花有意随流水,流水无心恋落花”。后两句他把自己和曹操的关系比作落花与流水,形象贴切,十分恰当。但这种表述适合中国人的思维习惯,如果译成外文,还需要依意转换,剥去修辞的外衣,进行意译。

京剧《锁麟囊》中的薛湘灵在经历了一场灾难之后一贫如洗,由富家小姐沦为女仆的跌宕命运,让她百感交集,对人生有所参悟:“一霎时把七情俱已昧尽,参到了酸辛处泪湿衣襟。……这也是老天爷一番教训,他教我,收余恨、免娇嗔、且自新、改性情,休恋逝水,苦海回身,早悟兰因”。唱词中的“七情”说的是喜、怒、忧、思、哀、恐、惊七种情绪变化,此处代指薛湘灵历经坎坷,饱尝多种世味。“逝水”是指一去不复返的岁月,孔夫子曾站在川上感慨:“逝者如斯夫”,中国民间有“覆水难收”的成语,都是比喻似水流年。“苦海”本是佛教用语,意即深重的苦难。人只有放下执着于内心的贪、嗔、痴等欲念,才能真正脱离烦恼的苦海。所以“苦海无边”一语常常与“回头是岸”相连。“兰因”一词亦有典故:春秋时期郑文公之妾梦到天女赠她一朵幽兰,不久她就嫁给了郑文公。故而“兰因”就被用来指作像兰花一样美好的前因。佛教用语中常讲“因果”,有“兰因”,便有“絮果”。这几句唱词的大意是:薛湘灵参透人生,放下过往,脱离苦难,广结善缘,开始寻求生命的真谛。翻译的时候,要打通上下句,从整体出发进行编译。

京剧《空城计》里诸葛亮的“我正在城楼观山景”一段脍炙人口,后面几句“诸葛亮在城楼把驾等,等候了司马到此谈、谈谈心。西城的街道打扫净,预备着司马好屯兵。诸葛亮无有别的敬,早备下羊羔美酒犒赏你的三军……”这是诸葛亮的用兵之“诈”,他深知司马懿诡计多端、狐疑不定的心理,在危机时刻故意打开城门,不设一兵一卒,自己登楼抚琴,一派悠然。他镇定自若地打量着一身风尘、徘徊在城门外的司马懿,他说的“街道”、“羊羔”、“美酒”真真假假、捉摸不透。我们的翻译如果不把诸葛亮这种表面客套、内心敌对且料敌如神、出奇制胜的韬略表达出来,就无法展现中国式的智慧。这的确对京剧的外译工作提出了很高的要求。

中国京剧“走出去”是一项漫长而艰巨的文化工程,它是跨越不同语言、不同文化的交流,需要多方面专业人才的通力合作,需要有关部门的统驭协调,更需要持久的耐心。

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