如何翻译谚语？

问题补充

最近看到了许多关于汉语中的谚语和英语中谚语来源以及其翻译的问题，也不由得想把这个问题用一种更general的眼光来看一下。
英汉谚语对应的问题，孰先孰后，谁翻译谁的，有些确实不好考证。就像昨天回答的一个问题：
杀鸡取卵出处是哪里？在百度里搜索是出自伊索寓言，但是英文原句谚语是“kill the goose that laid the golden eggs”和杀鸡取卵这个故事有差别。是怎么一回事呢？
然后在回答的时候，就发现这样的翻译似乎很让人误解……英语是goose而这条谚语对应的汉语是鸡，但是其表达的意义其实都是一样的。不由得让我在想，对于谚语的翻译是应该取目的语中已有的谚语进行对应还是直译源语呢？
如果是用已有的进行对应的话，很容易引起人的误解，也容易产生讨论谁是谁的来源的问题；如果是进行直译的话，又缺乏了不少美感，造成了语言的重复，也没那必要。
其实我也很疑惑了，对谚语的翻译该如何处理呢？

回答

你的困惑无非是关于 翻译的归化与异化问题，归化是使外国文化靠近译入语文化，使译本能为读者认知和熟悉。例如，Beauty is in the eyes of beholder.可译为 情人眼里出西施 。很明显西方是没有西施的，但是中国的’西施‘正好与‘Beatuy‘相对应，所以翻译很妙。异化则与前者相反，是使读者靠近外国文化，让其看到两种文化的差异。个人认为，谚语翻译应该尽量取目的语已有谚语进行对应，因为翻译过来的谚语最终要服务于目的语 所在的国家或地区的人民，如果实在没有，才采取Plan B ，即异化的翻译方法。二者虽截然不同，但在翻译中也是相辅相成的。原则就是：在语言层面上归化，给读者以文学审美的愉悦；在文化层面上异化，尽可能保留原文的异国情趣。

Tags: 中译英 外语翻译

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