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本期点评专家:张明权
做了近一年的翻译点评,给我最大的启发是,翻译本质上是一种实践,译者在翻译实践中又遵循着自己的“经验法则(rule of thumb)”。像其他类似法则一样,翻译“经验法则”包含一定的不确定因素,但又是译者在日常翻译实践中所遵守的最基本的法则。然而在当前学界热烈的翻译理论研究氛围中,提出这一看法是相当危险的。虽然关于翻译是“科学”还是“艺术”的争论已久,但参与争论的任何一方,都在意图证明翻译的系统性,而不是如此简单地把它归入一种实践或经验。然而,我这里提出的实践观,并非要把翻译贬低到纯粹“匠工”的地位,这一观念蕴含对翻译与技艺关联的认知,也蕴含了翻译从实在的翻译经验累积理论的观念。翻译研究应该来源于翻译实践,以翻译实践为导向,并力图为实践服务。纯粹思辨的翻译研究更多的属于哲学的范畴,对其研究是必要的,但决不应该代替对具体指导翻译实践的翻译原则和策略的总结。
翻译中个人的经验积累至关重要,很少有译者一开始翻译就译得很好的,就个人而言,我对翻译的认识和翻译水平的提高也经历了一个缓慢的过程。80年代末毕业于一所师专的我,对翻译基本上是没有认知的,第一次给同学翻译电话说明书,才知道cordless telephone(无绳电话)和wireless telephone(无线电话)的区别,然而如果今天让我看当年的翻译,肯定会十分汗颜的。在翻译学习的道路上,遇到名师的指点同样十分重要,安徽教育学院的范东生老师关于“翻译应重视技能意识”的观点,第一次打开我的翻译视野,翻译原来是有规律可循的。读研究生期间,柏敬泽老师所教授的翻译课,使我认识到翻译的难度之大,刘迎老师交给我的第一个翻译任务,则给我上了最生动的一场翻译课,那就是翻译不是书本上学来的,只有通过实践才能够实现。在大学任教以后,开始翻译各种材料,论文摘要、书籍、科技文献、文化展板、翻译公司的各种材料,自己的翻译开始在范围和数量上大大扩展。虽然对于08年以前的翻译我个人是不太满意的,然而所有这些翻译工作都为我积累了很好的翻译经验,特别是与张璘和张杰两位老师合作翻译罗斯金的《近代画家》的工作,使我深刻认识到翻译的艰辛。
我所用过的翻译技巧也构成了我的经验准则,其中应该包括:
对他人经验的汲取当然包括学习翻译教程和阅读他人的译作,然而由于翻译的实践性和译文的多元性,在学习翻译的时候也会造成很多困扰。再者学习的过程不能代替实践的过程,在翻译实践中,对他人经验汲取包括:
“经验法则”还与数学和计算机科学中的算法相联系,运用于解决复杂问题的解决程序问题。翻译实践也要求一种类似算法的翻译步骤和翻译模式,在古代翻译实践中所发展起来的译场是宗教翻译极其有效的翻译模式,而现代翻译中的翻译公司雇请自由译者加专业校对的模式,可以算作对古代译场的发展,在各种翻译公司翻译运作中,翻译步骤是保证翻译质量和速度的重要组成部分,特别是在科技翻译中,术语先行成了一种常见的翻译模式,文本的预处理同样是不可或缺的,其中也不乏经济利益的驱动,通过预处理减少对自由译者的稿酬支付,翻译过程中的跟踪检查则是吸收了ISO认证管理方式,确保翻译速度的策略之一,翻译校对则是保证翻译质量的最后一关。
那么个人翻译可以从上述的译场模式中汲取什么经验呢?我觉得有几点可以注意:
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